1970’s 힙합 요약

원문: https://historyofthehiphop.wordpress.com/history/1970s/

1970’s

Hip-hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among African American youth residing in the Bronx.

Block parties incorporated DJs, who played popular genres of music, especially funk and soul music. Due to the positive reception, DJs began isolating the percussive breaks of popular songs. This technique was then common in Jamaican dub music, and was largely introduced into New York by immigrants from Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean, including DJ Kool Herc, who is generally considered the father of hip-hop.

Hip Hop’s early evolution into a form distinct from R&B also, not coincidentally, occurred around the time that sampling technology and drum-machines became widely available to the general public at a cost that was affordable to the average consumer—not just professional studios.

Turntablist techniques—such as scratching, beat mixing and/or matching, and beat juggling – eventually developed along with the breaks, creating a base that could be rapped over, in a manner similar to signifying, as well as the art of toasting, another influence found in Jamaican dub music.

Introduction of rapping

Rapping, also referred to as MCing, is a vocal style in which the artist speaks lyrically, in rhyme and verse, generally or synthesized beat. Rapper may write, memorize, or improvise their lyrics and perform their works a cappella or to a beat.

Hip-hop music predates the introduction of rapping into hip-hop culture, and rap vocals are absent from many hip-hop tracks, such as “Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don’t Stop)” by Man Parrish; “Chinese Arithmetic” by Eric B. & Rakim Eric B. & Rakim; “We’re Rocking the Planet” by Hashim; and “Destination Earth” by Newcleus. However, the majority of the genre has been accompanied by rap vocals, including female rappers. Bronx artist MC Sha Rock, member of the Funky Four Plus One is credited with performing the first female hip-hop rap. The Sequence, a hip-hop trio signed to Sugar Hill Records in the early 80s, were the first all female group to release a rap record, Funk You Up.

The roots of rapping are found in African-American music and African music, particularly that of the griots of West African culture. The African-American traditions of poetry and the call and response patterns of African religious ceremonies all influence hip-hop music. Soul singer James Brown and musical ‘comedy’ acts such as Rudy Ray Moore and Blowfly are often considered “godfathers” of hip-hop music.

Within New York City, performances of spoken-word poetry and music by artists such as The Last Poets, Gil Scott-Heron Gil Scott-Heron and Jalal Mansur Nuriddin had a significant impact on the post-civil rights era culture of the 1960s and 1970s, and thus the social environment in which hip-hop music was created.

DJ Kool Herc and Coke La Rock provided an influence on the vocal style of rapping by delivering simple poetry verses over funk music breaks. DJs and MCs would often add call and response chants, often consisting of a basic chorus, to allow the performer to gather his thoughts (e.g. “one, two, three, y’all, to the beat”).

Later, the MCs grew more varied in their vocal and rhythmic delivery, incorporating brief rhymes, often with a sexual or scatological theme, in an effort to differentiate themselves and to entertain the audience. These early raps incorporated the dozens, a product of African American culture. Kool Herc & the Herculoids were the first hip-hop group to gain recognition in New York.

Often there were collaborations between former gangs, such as Afrikaa Bambaataa’s Universal Zulu Nation—now an international organization. Melle Mel, a rapper with The Furious Five is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an “MC.”

Influence of Disco

Hip-hop music was both influenced by disco music and a backlash against it. According to Kurtis Blow, the early days of hip-hop were characterized by divisions between fans and detractors of disco music. Hip-hop had largely emerged as “a direct response to the watered down, Europeanized, disco music that permeated the airwaves,” and the earliest hip-hop was mainly based on hard funk loops. However, by 1979, disco instrumental loops/tracks had become the basis of much hip-hop music. This genre got the name of “disco rap.” Ironically, hip-hop music was also a proponent in the eventual decline in disco popularity.

Transition to Recording

Prior to 1979, recorded hip-hop music consisted mainly of PA system recordings of parties and early hip-hop mixtapes by DJs. Puerto Rican DJ Disco Wiz is credited as the first hip-hop DJ to create a “mixed plate,” or mixed dub recording, when in 1977, he combined sound bites, special effects and paused beats to technically produce a sound recording.

The first hip-hop record is widely regarded to be The Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight”, from 1979. By the early 1980s, all the major elements and techniques of the hip-hop genre were in place. Though not yet mainstream, hip-hop had permeated outside of New York City; it could be found in cities as diverse as Atlanta, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Baltimore, Dallas, Kansas City, San Antonio, Miami, Seattle, St. Louis, New Orleans, Houston, and Toronto.